By Stuart Rosebrook

In the sixteenth century, the Spanish came north from New Spain in search of treasure, especially silver and gold. In 1540 Francisco Vazquez de Coronado led his famous expedition from the West Coast of Mexico to Northern New Spain, including Arizona and New Mexico, looking for “the seven cities of Cibola”. While cities of gold were never found, every generation of explorers and miners since Coronado have sought veins of precious metals across the Southwest.

In Arizona Spanish explorers Antonio de Espejo and Juan de Oñate ventured into the Verde Valley in the late 16th century, noting deposits of silver and copper. As the Spanish Empire sent missionaries and soldiers north, silver and gold were discovered and mined successfully in multiple locations, including the Santa Cruz River Valley and the Santa Rita Mountains south of present-day Tucson. In the 1750s, Spanish settlers mined copper in Ajo, southwest of Tucson, with limited success. In 1855 early American settlers discovered the Spanish copper mine and began reworking the rich deposit of ore. Little did they realize that copper would someday usurp gold and silver as the state’s most valuable ore.

By Andrew Somerville, and Bailey Cacciatore

Human and canine companionship dates back thousands of years. In North America, a recent University of Arizona study suggests that the first human and canine companionship began forming 12,000 years ago, based on archaeological evidence found in Alaska. For generations human and canid relationships were more utilitarian, as canids performed a variety of tasks for people, which can still be true today.

In Arizona archaeological evidence shows the first possible human and canid connections along the Santa Cruz River in Tucson dating between 1200 to 800 BCE. These early relationships between dogs and Indigenous Peoples in Arizona were potentially both spiritual and pragmatic compared to modern counterparts today. Dogs were revered in many Native American cultures and were seen as guides to the spirit world.

By Kristen Kauffman

In celebration of America’s 250^th birthday, Sharlot Hall Museum is drawing attention to Arizona’s involvement in American milestones. Many of our readers know that the histories of Prescott and Tucson are tied to the American Civil War.

Even before the Civil War, there were efforts to establish Arizona as a territory separate from New Mexico.  The territorial capital, Santa Fe, was so remote that administration was cumbersome and unreliable.  War created an urgency.  In April, 1861, the Confederate government declared New Mexico and Arizona to be territories of the Confederacy and sent an invading army.  Union forces from California countered the threat, and on May 2, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln signed the act creating Arizona Territory.  To prove that timing is everything, the Joseph R. Walker party discovered gold in the Bradshaw Mountains in 1863.  Because Tucson and southern Arizona were known to be sympathetic to the Confederacy, the territory’s first governor, John N. Goodwin, established the new capital at Prescott, adjacent to the gold fields and next door to the Union’s Fort Whipple.  In 1867, with the war over,  Governor Goodwin’s successor, Richard McCormick, moved the capital south to Tucson, still the territory’s most populous city.

By Jody Drake                                                                                              

Sharlot Hall, a child raised on the frontier, was a true pioneer shaped by westward expansion. She was among the courageous early explorers who dared to reach for a better life. Migrating from Kansas to Arizona, she had firsthand experience in the early exploration of the West. Her fascination and understanding of preservation were truly remarkable.

By Worcester P. Bong

Noted in last week’s article, the National Cemeteries Act of 1973 (Public Law 93-43) authorized the Veterans Administration (VA) to manage over 100 national cemeteries. The VA was tasked with acquiring land to develop cemeteries (new and existing) and establishing uniform burial eligibility criteria and policies to manage these cemeteries. The building of columbaria walls to meet cremation needs and the introduction of grant programs to expand state-run Veterans' cemeteries were implemented.

In October of 1974, Prescott National Cemetery was closed to new casket burials. As the only national cemetery in Arizona, a proposal was submitted to Congress in January 1975 for a new national cemetery. At the time, the nearest national cemeteries where Arizona veterans could be buried was in California or Texas.

By Worcester P. Bong

What do a Medal of Honor recipient, a Major General, an Apache Scout and a former Whipple Hospital Director have in common? They’re all laid to rest at the Prescott National Cemetery in Prescott, Arizona.

The Prescott National Cemetery has an illustrious history since its beginnings in 1864. Initially the cemetery was established at the temporary location of Fort Whipple in Del Rio Springs (north of present-day Chino Valley). In May of 1864, when Fort Whipple relocated to its permanent location, 1-1/2 miles east of Prescott, the cemetery was located along Granite Creek near the fort. In 1869, after several flash floods washed out numerous burials, the cemetery was relocated to the southern part of the fort’s property. The current location of the cemetery, one half mile southeast of the fort was established in the late 1800’s. In January 1904, the last buried remains from the cemetery on the fort’s grounds were relocated to the current location. 

The history of national cemeteries begins with President Abraham Lincoln and the US Civil War (1861-1865). In July of 1862, mounting death tolls from the war led Congress to empower President Lincoln to purchase cemetery grounds. These became national cemeteries to honor Union soldiers who died in the service of our country. Fourteen national cemeteries were established and managed by the War Department as the National Cemetery System. Many of the national cemeteries were placed near military hospitals, recruitment and training centers. After the war, the National Cemetery Act of February 22, 1867, was passed to finance and expand national cemeteries. By 1870 approximately 300,000 Union soldiers had been buried in 73 national cemeteries.

By Tom Brodersen

Hanukkah, the Festival of Lights, is an ancient Jewish celebration of religious freedom which has been observed for over 2000 years. Hanukkah is still celebrated by Jews all over the world. For most of its history it was considered only a minor festival in comparison to Passover, Rosh Hashana or Yom Kippur. When Prescott was founded, Hanukkah was mostly observed in Jewish homes by lighting candles and saying prayers, which would not be noted in the historical record.

Like most Americans, most of the pioneers were at least nominally Christian. Jews were a small minority among the immigrants seeking religious freedom and economic opportunity. When Michel Goldwater, a Polish Jew, left his home in 1835, he could not have dreamed that his grandson, Barry Goldwater, would one day be a candidate for President of the United States. Michel Goldwater, himself, was elected mayor of Prescott in 1885. His son, Morris Goldwater, served as Prescott’s mayor for over 20 years. They were among many Jewish immigrants who settled in Prescott in territorial days and contributed to the development of Arizona.

By Stuart Rosebrook, Executive Director, Sharlot Hall Museum

In American naval history, few ships are more honored than the Pennsylvania class of battleship, the U.S.S. Arizona. When the Arizona was christened by Prescott’s own Esther Ross in the Brooklyn Naval Yard in front of 75,000 on June 19, 1915, no one could conceive of the battleship’s fateful future; in contrast, the Arizona’s construction, along with its sister-ship Pennsylvania, was heralded as a symbol of America’s commitment to being one of the world’s most powerful militaries, a stern and strong message to its enemies in the war raging in Europe and the Atlantic.

How did 17-year-old Esther Ross, daughter of a Prescott pharmacist, become Arizona’s representative to christen the young state’s namesake battleship? She received an appointment from Governor George W. P. Hunt, but it was her father, William W. Ross, who championed his daughter’s role. “He quietly started to talk to his friends,” Esther Ross Wassell remembered in an interview with journalist Bob Thomas in 1967. “In the three years since the keel was laid he managed to get quite a backing. Gov. Hunt chose me out of hundreds of girls. Of course, like I said, my father started working on it a lot earlier than the other fathers.” 

By Parker Anderson

Broadcast radio over the airwaves began in the 1920s in various parts of the nation. By 1929 Arizona had four radio stations---two in Phoenix and two in Tucson. That same year, the state’s fifth radio station went on the air from Prescott, becoming that town’s first broadcasting station. KPJM was operated by the Prescott Arizona Journal Miner newspaper, hence its call letters. It was one of many renamings of the original Arizona Miner newspaper that had existed since 1864. Its success was waning at this time and the newspaper would end in 1934.

It took Arizona businessman Albert Stetson to bring radio back to Prescott. Mr. Stetson was already known in town for having opened the Studio Theatre for movies in 1933, as well as owning other movie houses in the state. Branching out into radio, Stetson launched KYCA on Sunday, August 25, 1940. He appointed himself President and General Manager of the station. KYCA was licensed to broadcast on a frequency of 1500 kilocycles, with a power output of 250 watts. The call letters stood for Yavapai County, Arizona.

Marjory J. Sente

Born June 8, 1879, in Prescott, Bessie Ethel Hatz was the second child of Arizona pioneers Daniel and Catherine Shanberger Hatz. A Swiss native, Bessie’s father came to Prescott in 1864 by way of Colorado. Daniel and John Raible constructed the territory’s first governor’s mansion, now the Sharlot Hall Museum’s centerpiece.

Bessie’s mother, then 23, arrived in 1875 by ox-team from San Bernardino with her sister, Younda Shanberger Probst and family. Daniel and Catherine were married in December that same year.

Bessie excelled in school. Although Prescott didn’t have a high school at the time, the quality of her education was sufficient that, in 1899, she applied for and received a teaching certificate. She taught at a school in Groom Creek during the fall, commuting between there and Prescott on weekends.