By Ann Hibner Koblitz
In the 19th century several kinds of practitioners claimed to be able to address the health needs of Americans. In addition to college- or university-trained physicians, there were midwives, pharmacists, surgeon-barbers (the red and white stripes of the traditional barber's pole originally symbolized surgery), itinerate medicine peddlers (the so-called "snake oil salesmen" who later fell into disrepute), and in some areas Native American shamans and the Anglos who claimed to have studied with them.
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